ES “Apartheid Lingüístico” paraguayo: Unión
Europea y Suiza
FR “Apartheid Linguistique” paraguayen:
Union Européenne et Suisse
DE Die paraguayische „sprachliche
Apartheid“: Europäische Union und die Schweiz
PT "Apartheid Lingüístico" paraguaio: União
Européia e Suiça.
GN Roipota Európa Joaju Guasu oguerosapukái yvytúre Paraguáipe oîha
ñe’ê ñemboyke.
ES La condena pública por parte de la Unión Europea del
“apartheid lingüístico” paraguayo.
EN A
public condemnation of the “linguistic apartheid” in Paraguay on behalf of the
European Union.
FR La
condamnation publique de la part de l’Union européenne de “apartheid
linguistique” paraguayen.
PT A
condenação pública por parte da União Européia do "apartheid lingüístico"
paraguaio.
___________________________________________________
GN Roipota
Európa Joaju Guasu oguerosapukái yvytúre Paraguáipe oîha ñe’ê
ñemboyke.
Karai
Ján Figel’–pe
Tekombo’e,
Ñembokatupyry, Arandupy ha Ñe’êeta Ñangarekoha, Európa
Aty
Mayma
Európa Amandaje Guasúpe
Karai
Moritz Leuenberger–pe
Confederación
Helvética Sâmbyhyhápe
webmaster@admin.ch, moritz.leuenberger@admin.ch
Rojerure
Európa Joaju Guasúpe ipytyvô mbarete, tenonderâite ipytyvô katupyry ha viru,
avei ojesareko haguâ okáguio ojehapo’o haguâ guarani ñe’ê ñemboyke kañymby oîva
Paraguáipe (1811–2006)
Ore,
Paraguái retâygua, rojerure Európa Joaju Guasúpe, hetânguérape, umi tetâ oikétavape, mayma Európa retâyguápe ha avei Suiza retâyguápe,
(kóva hekoasapukúmagui ñe’êeta moañetépe) toipytyvô ojehapo’o haguâ guaraní ñe’ê
ñemboyke kañymby vaiete oñemboguatáva
Paraguáipe 1811 guive âga peve. Ko mba’e vaiete omboyke hetaiterei
tapichápe ko’â mokôi sa ro’y pukukue; ndaijáivo chupekuéra tekombo’e,
ñembokatupyry ha marandu guaraníme, ha péichape oñemboyke oike haguâ añete ha
kyre’ÿme tekoaty sâmbyhýpe, arandupýpe, ñemu reko ha
pokatúpe.
Mbykyhapete,
guarani reko kóicha:
Paraguái
ñe’ê’ypy, tenondegua ha ojepyruvéva.
Tapicha
ha ogakuéra jepapa guasu oikova’ekue Paraguáipe 2002rô he’i: ¡59 %! umi
ogakuérape oñeñe’ê guaraníme.
Oje’e
oîha amo 6 ha 12 millones tapicha rupi oñe’êva guaraníme Paraguái, Bolivia,
Argentina ha Brasil–pe.
1992–me ojekuaauka ypýkuri Paraguái sâso
rekoasápe (1811), guarani ha’eha avei iñe’ê teete castellano yére tetâ tuichakue
jave; katu âga peve(2006) ne’îrâ gueteri ojejapo mba’eve guasu oñemboaje haguâ
upe kuaaukapy. Umi tekotevêvéva ha oñeñanduvevahína: tetâ sâmbyhy –opa
mba’e’apópe– ndoipurúi guarani ñe’ê; apoukapykuéra ndojekuaaukái guaraníme ha
araka’eve ndojejapóiva; mba’erepy ñemu oiko ijapoukapy oipuru’ÿre guarani ñe’ê;
ndaipóri mba’eveichagua tekorâ he’íva mboýpa umi momaranduhakuéra oipuruva’erâ
guarani imba’e’apokuérape: Paraguái kuaaukahápe ndojepurúi guarani; mamo
tetânguéra atyhápe oikéva guivépe Paraguái, taha’e MERCOSUR térâ ambuéva guarani
ndaipóri upépe iñe’ê teetéramo térâ imba’apo
ñe’êramo.
Ndaipóri
tekombo’e guaraníme. 1994pe oñepyrûkuri oñembo’e 118 mbo’ehaópe oîpype upérô
6000 mbo’ehao Paraguáipe. 1997rôkatu ojehuputy 400 mbo’ehao oipurúva guarani
ñe’ê peteîháramo. 2006–me 10 mbo’ehao rupintema omboguatave ko tembiapo,
mburuvichakuéra noipytyvôigui kyre’ÿ ha katupyrýpe. Ko tembiapo omoî vaieterei
hetaiterei tapichápe ha avave gueteri ndoguerosapukáiri okápe, jepémo ko’â 200
áñope araka’eve noñehekombo’éi
guaraníme, jepe guarani pe hetave tapicha oipurúva.
¿Mba’érepa
roguahê pene rendápe, Európa Joaju Guasu ha Suiza–pe? Ko’â
mba’ére:
–
Európa Joaju Guasu (ha Suiza) ojekuaauka ha ojekuaaukaségui arapýpe
imba’apokatuha ñe’êetápe.
–
Európa Joaju Guasúpe oîgui heta tetâ omba’apóva mokôi térâ hetave ñe’ême:
Finlandia, Bélgica, Malta, Irlanda, Luxemburgo; avei España, Italia ha Reino
Unido, jepémo ko’â mbohapy ndaha’éi ku tuichakue jave tetâ ojapóva, ha
oîve.
–
Pe ñe’ê pojavereko ñangareko –derécho ñangareko– noguahêigui Paraguáipe ha heta ambue Amérika
retânguérape, noguahêinga’u aipo oñeikûmby ha ojejapoháicha Európa Joaju
Guasu ha Suiza–pe. Oguahê Québec–pe
añoite (ha Canáda tuichakuépe) ha upéva oñeñangareko haguâ ambue Európa ñe’ê
rehe jeýnte avei: francés. Európa retânguérape noñemoneîrichéne mokôi mba’e: 1)
oñeisâmbyhy pe tetâ ñe’ê ohekojopy’akue ichupe ha sa’ive tapicha oipurúvape, ha
2) umi mba’e tekotevêvévapentejepe ndohejái ojepuru porâ iñe’ê’ypy: sâmbyhy ha
tekojojápe.
–
Amérika pe oñeñe’êrô ñe’êeta rehe oñeñe’êgui katuetenunga Európa ñe’ê año rehe jeýnte: (inglés, francés,
castellano, portugués, neerlandés). Ko’âva omomirî térâ ojuka térâ omboyke
Amérika ñe’ênguérape. Upéva ojekuaa porâiterei, ko’âga peve (2006) ndaipóri
peteîva Amérika ñe’ê’ypy heko resâi porâva tetâ rembiapópe. Ndaipóri ambue
hendápe peichagua mba’e. Jahekáramo tekojoja ko arapýpe ha
nañambotatapejusevéirô yvypóra jeikovai oñondive, jahupiva’erâ avei (ambue
tembiapo ykére) Amérika ñe’êguéra tetâ rembiapokatúpe, oîpype hetaiterei tapicha
oipurúva gueteri ko’â ñe’ê ha ikatueténteva omba’apo porâ hekohápe ha ikatu avei
omyasâi ha oñangareko ambuéva rehe.
–
Avei oimégui Európa ñe’ê teetekuéra (ha avei umi ndaha’éiva vasco, galés,
catalán/valenciano, ha ambueve) noñandúi ohekojopyha chupe ambue ñe’ê ha
ndohecháigui ikatuha ogue. Katu Amérikape oñemotenondéramo irundy (po) Európa
ñe’ê: inglés, castellano, portugués y francés (ha neerlandés) ha ndojejokóiramo
Amérika ñe’êguéra ha iñarandupy jejuka (ojejapoháicha Paraguáipe ñe’ê ñemboyke
vai ha ñañáme) ore roho py’ÿivévo ko’âga rojapoháichagui Európa Joaju Guasu ha
Suiza retâme oreaty tuichaicháne upérupi roñe’êva inglés, castellano (térâ
portugués) ha oremandu’a rendýme naorepytyvôihaguére ore ñe’ê ojejuka jave. Avei
umi Afrikaygua ombohetavéne umi ñe’ê jepuru ohechávo avei mba’éichapa francés,
inglés, portugués térâ árabe ñe’ê
ojuka rasy iñe’ê’ypykuéra. 800 mil tapicha oñe’êva castellano térâ portugués
oimehaguigua Dinamarca–pe (5,5 millones tapicha hetâyguáva) térâ Finlandia–pe (5,3 millones tapicha
hetâyguáva) térâ Suecia–pe (9 millones tapicha hetâyguáva) pya’e ha’éta peteî
“aty’i iñe’êjejoguáva” oñeñangarekova’erâ rehe ha omoambuéta umi tetâ ñe’êguéra
reko. Orerehe ndaikatúi ojávo péva. Ojejuka mba’eveté’ÿre, maymavéva rovake, ore
ñe’ê. Ojejukahína guarani ñe’ê maymavéva rovake mba’evete’ÿre ha oñemboyke
ipuruhára pojavereko (derecho) ha ko’âva umi hetavéva Paraguáipe. Ndoku’éiramo
mba’eve, roipytyvône, ndorojaposéiramo jepe, ojejuka haguâ ambue ñe’ê. Rombyasy.
Ore orepy’apotî.
Mba’épa
rojerure
Roipota
Európa Joaju Guasu oguerosapukái yvytúre Paraguáipe oîha ñe’ê
ñemboyke.
Roipota
Európa Joaju Guasu pytyvô mbarete, pokatu, viru ha katupyrýpe ojehapo’o haguâ
Paraguáigui guarani ñe’ê ñemboyke vaiete.
Rojerure
ko’âga. Ha ndoroipotái ñe’ê nandirei.
Európa,
¿ndépiko rehendu ne ñe’ê añónte?
Mbo’ehára
Ñemongu’e Jekupytyrâ
Okaraygua
Ñemongu’e Paraguáipe – OÑP
Coordinadora
de Productores Agrícolas de San Pedro Norte
Partido
Convergencia Popular Socialista
Fundación
Yvy Marâe’ÿ
Ateneo
de Lengua y Cultura Guaraní
Organización
Nacional de Aborígenes Independientes
Ñe’êeta
rekávo Aty – Organización por el Multilingüismo
Aty
Kuruvíka
Karaku
· Tesarekoha Avañe’ê Európape
Paraguay–Asunción,
19 jasypateî 2006–me
________________________________________________
ES La
condena pública por parte de la Unión Europea del “apartheid lingüístico”
paraguayo.
A
Sr. Ján Figel’
Comisario
de Educación, Formación, Cultura y Multilingüismo, Comisión
Europea
A
todos los miembros del Parlamento Europeo
A
Sr. Moritz Leuenberger
A
la Presidencia de la Confederación Helvética
webmaster@admin.ch, moritz.leuenberger@admin.ch
Pedimos
que la Unión Europea contribuya activamente, sobre todo mediante cooperación
técnica y económica, aunque también con inspecciones internacionales, a poner
fin al sistema implícito de “apartheid lingüístico” (1811–2006) en Paraguay contra el
guaraní.
Como
ciudadanos de Paraguay, pedimos de forma pública a la Unión Europea, a los
Estados miembros, a los Estados candidatos y a todas las comunidades
lingüísticas y ciudadanos de la Unión Europea y Suiza (por su larga tradición de
país constitucionalmente y efectivamente multilingüe), que contribuyan a poner
fin al inmoral régimen implícito de “apartheid lingüístico” vigente en Paraguay
desde 1811 hasta hoy y que ha segregado a millones de paraguayos de lengua
guaraní durante dos siglos, impidiéndoles el acceso a la educación, a la
formación y a la información en guaraní y con ellos impidiendo su real y activa
participación social, cultural, económica y
política.
¿Cuál
es, de forma breve, la situación del guaraní?
Es
la lengua primera, autóctona y mayoritaria de
Paraguay.
De
acuerdo con el Censo Nacional de Población y Viviendas de Paraguay del año 2002,
el 59 por ciento de todos los hogares paraguayos es de lengua
guaraní.
Se
calcula que entre 6 y 12 millones de personas hablan guaraní en Paraguay,
Bolivia, Argentina y Brasil.
El
1992 se declaró, por primera vez en toda la historia del Paraguay independiente
(1811), la cooficialidad en todo el país del guaraní, aunque esta declaración no
ha tenido ningún efecto real hasta hoy (2006). Las carencias más terribles y
visibles de la no aplicación de la cooficialidad son: la Administración estatal
—todas sus ramas— no funciona en guaraní, las leyes no se publican ni se han
publicado nunca en guaraní, los productos comerciales no se comercializan con
instrucciones en guaraní, no existen regulaciones sobre cuotas de uso del
guaraní por parte de los medios de comunicación públicos y privados, la imagen y
la simbología nacional de Paraguay no incorporan el guaraní, el guaraní no es
lengua oficial ni de trabajo de las distintas instituciones y organismos del
Mercosur ni de otros organismos de los que forma parte Paraguay,
etc.
No
hay educación en guaraní. En 1994 se introdujo de forma experimental la
enseñanza en guaraní en 118 escuelas sobre casi 6.000 escuelas que tenía
Paraguay en ese año. En 1997 había 400 escuelas con la modalidad de enseñanza en
guaraní. En 2006 sólo 10 escuelas continúan con la enseñanza en guaraní, después
de que el Gobierno Paraguayo dejase de apoyar activa y claramente esta
modalidad. Esta política estatal, que perjudica a la mayoría de la población, no
ha provocado ninguna denuncia internacional, a pesar de que nunca en doscientos
años se ha educado a los paraguayos en guaraní, la lengua mayoritaria del
país.
¿Por
qué nos dirigimos a la Unión Europea y a Suiza?
–
Porque la Unión Europea (y Suiza) es, y quiere serlo, un referente universal en
la gestión del multilingüismo.
–
Porque en la Unión Europea hay Estados que funcionan con dos o más lenguas:
Finlandia, Bélgica, Malta, Irlanda, Luxemburgo, España de forma parcial, Italia
de forma parcial, el Reino Unido de forma parcial,
etc.
–
Porque la protección de los derechos lingüísticos, tal como se entienden y se
practican en la Unión Europea y Suiza, no ha llegado a Paraguay ni a muchos
países de América. Únicamente ha llegado a Quebec (y a Canadá en su conjunto), y
básicamente sólo para proteger muy activamente una lengua europea: el francés.
En ningún país de la Unión Europea se consentiría que se gobernase en la lengua
“colonial” y de la minoría y que en ámbitos tan básicos como la Administración
pública y la justicia la lengua autóctona de la mayoría de la población no
pudiera usarse con normalidad y plenitud.
–
Porque en América, cuando se habla de multilingüismo, normalmente sólo se habla
de las lenguas europeas (inglés, francés, castellano, portugués, neerlandés),
que han minorizado, asesinado o marginalizado a las lenguas americanas y las
relaciones entre sí. Es elocuente que ninguna lengua americana, en 2006, sea una
lengua normal de Estado en América. Ningún otro continente del mundo se halla en
esta situación. La justicia en el mundo, si no se quiere crear más resentimiento
entre las distintas comunidades humanas, también pasa por estatalizar en América
las lenguas americanas que todavía hoy cuentan con millones de hablantes o son
muy viables en su contexto y en la protección y promoción de las demás
lenguas.
–
Porque tal vez hoy las lenguas oficiales de la Unión Europea y Suiza (pero
también las que no son oficiales) no se sientan amenazadas por otras lenguas ni
se sientan en peligro de extinción. Pero si en las Américas se imponen cuatro (o
cinco) lenguas, todas europeas: inglés, castellano, portugués y francés (y
neerlandés), y el proceso de genocidio lingüístico y cultural de América (con
prácticas tan abominables, inhumanas e injustas como el "apartheid
lingüístico" paraguayo) no se detienen, cuando "nosotros" emigremos, a un ritmo
mucho mayor que el presente, a la Unión Europea y Suiza –con la memoria viva de
la nula ayuda recibida cuando nuestras lenguas eran genocidadas–, constituiremos
enormes bolsas de hablantes de inglés o castellano (o portugués) en muchos
países. Y los africanos que verán morir sus lenguas bajo el francés, el inglés,
el portugués o el árabe, aumentarán las bolsas de hablantes de estas lenguas.
Ochocientos mil hablantes de castellano o de portugués, de cualquier origen, en
Dinamarca (5,5 millones de habitantes) o en Finlandia (5,3 millones) o en Suecia
(9 millones) o en Irlanda (4 millones) serán una "minoría alófona" a proteger y
contribuirán a cambiar la historia y el perfil lingüístico de estos países. No
será culpa nuestra. Se asesinan, ante la indiferencia de todos, nuestras
lenguas. Se asesina, ante la indiferencia de todos, el guaraní y se
conculcan los derechos humanos y lingüísticos más básicos de sus hablantes, la
mayoría de paraguayos. Si nada cambia, contribuiremos, a pesar nuestro, a
asesinar otras lenguas. Lo sentimos. Somos
inocentes.
¿Qué
pedimos?
La
condena pública por parte de la Unión Europea del “apartheid lingüístico”
paraguayo.
La
cooperación efectiva política, económica y técnica de la Unión Europea para
acabar con el “apartheid lingüístico” paraguayo contra el
guaraní
Lo
pedimos ahora. Y no queremos sólo palabras.
Europa,
¿sólo escuchas tus voces (tus lenguas)?
Firman,
Movimiento
de Educadores Jekupytyrâ
Movimiento
Campesino Paraguayo
Coordinadora
de Productores Agrícolas de San Pedro Norte
Partido
Convergencia Popular Socialista
Fundación
Yvy Marâe’ÿ
Ateneo
de Lengua y Cultura Guaraní
Organización
Nacional de Aborígenes Independientes
Coordinadora
Nacional de Organizaciones de Mujeres Trabajadoras Rurales e Indígenas –
CONAMURI
Ñe’êeta
rekávo Aty – Organización por el Multilingüismo
Grupo
Kuruvíka
Karaku
· Observatorio Guaraní Europeo
Paraguay–Asunción,
19 de noviembre de 2006
___________________________________________________
EN A public
condemnation of the “linguistic apartheid” in Paraguay on behalf of the European
Union.
Member
of the European Commission for Education, Training, Culture and
Multilingualism
To
all Members of the European Parliament
To
Mr. Moritz Leuenberger
To
the Presidency of the Helvetic Confederation
webmaster@admin.ch, moritz.leuenberger@admin.ch
We
request the European Union to actively contribute, mainly through technical and
economic cooperation, but also if necessary with international inspections and
sanctions, to putting an end to the implicit system of “linguistic apartheid”
(1811–2006) that has been perpetrated against the Guarani language in
Paraguay.
As
citizens of Paraguay, we publicly request the European Union, both state members
and candidates, all linguistic communities and citizens of the European Union
and Switzerland (given their longstanding tradition as a constitutionally and
effective multilingual country), to help put an end to the immoral regime of
implicit “linguistic apartheid” that has existed in Paraguay since 1811 and that
has segregated the Guarani–speaking population of this country for two
centuries, denying us access to education, training and information in Guarani,
and therefore preventing us from having a real and active role in the social,
cultural, economic and political spheres of
Paraguay.
What
is, shortly, the current situation of Guarani?
It
is the first language of Paraguay, as well as the indigenous and most spoken
language of the country.
According
to the National Population and Household Census 2002 of Paraguay, Guarani is the
language spoken by 59% of all Paraguayan
households.
Approximately
6 to 12 million people speak Guarani in Paraguay, Bolivia, Argentina and
Brazil.
In
1992, for the first time ever since the independence of Paraguay (1811), Guarani
was proclaimed the co–official language of the country. However, this
declaration has had no real effect to date (2006). The most terrible and visible
deficiencies in not applying this co–officiality are that the state
administration — in all areas — does not work in Guarani, laws are not published
and never have been published in Guarani, commercial products are not sold with
instructions in Guarani, there are no laws dictating the use of Guarani in
public and private media, the image and national symbology of Paraguay does not
use Guarani, it is not an official working language of the different
institutions and bodies of Mercosur or of any other organisations that Paraguay
is member of, etc.
Education
is not available in Guarani. In 1994, teaching in Guarani was introduced, in an
experimental phase, in 118 schools out of the almost 6,000 schools that existed
in Paraguay at the time. In 1997, 400 schools offered education in Guarani. In
2006, only 10 schools continue to teach their pupils in Guarani, after the
Paraguayan government decided to no longer actively and publicly support this
option. This state policy, which hinders the majority of the population, has not
brought about any international denunciations, even though Paraguayans never
have received, in two hundred years, an education in Guarani, the most spoken
language of the country.
Why
do we address the European Union and
Switzerland?
–
Because the European Union (and Switzerland) is and aspires to be a universal
reference of multilingual management.
–
Because there are states in the European Union that work in two or more
languages: Finland, Belgium, Malta, Ireland, Luxembourg and, partially, Spain,
Italy, United Kingdom, etc.
–
Because the protection of linguistic rights, as understood and upheld in the
European Union and in Switzerland, has not yet reached Paraguay or many other
American countries. It has only been applied in Quebec (and in all of Canada),
basically only to very actively protect a European language, French. No state
member of the European Union would permit being governed in a “colonial”
language, spoken by the minority of its citizens, where the autochthonous
language spoken by the majority could not be used on a normal and full basis in
such basic areas as the public administration and legal
system.
–
Because, in America, when multilingualism is mentioned, it is usually to talk
about European languages (English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch).
Languages that have weakened, murdered or marginalised the indigenous languages
of America and the relationships between these communities. The proof of this is
that, in 2006, no American language is the normal language of any of the
countries in America. No other continent on earth finds itself in this
situation. In this world, if one does not want to create any more resentment
amongst different communities, then justice also means officialising the
indigenous languages of America that still have millions of speakers or that are
very feasible within this context and in protecting and promoting all other
languages.
–
Because the official languages of the European Union and Switzerland (but also
non official ones such as Basque, Welsh, Catalan/Valencian, etc.) may not feel
threatened by other languages or think that they are in danger of extinction.
However, if four or five languages are imposed in America, all of them European:
English, Spanish, Portuguese, French (and Dutch), and the process of linguistic
and cultural genocide (with such abominable, inhumane and unjust acts as the
"linguistic apartheid" in Paraguay) is not stopped, the day will come when "we"
will emigrate to the European Union and Switzerland. This will happen at a much
quicker pace than now, and we will vividly recall the total lack of help in
stopping this linguistic genocide, and it will then be our turn to build
enormous pockets of English or Spanish (or Portuguese) speakers in several
countries. The African citizens who witness how their languages die as these
succumb to the pressure of French, English, Portuguese or Arabic will only
contribute to making these pockets of speakers even larger. Eight hundred
thousand speakers of Spanish or Portuguese, from different countries, in Denmark
(5.5 million inhabitants), Finland (5.3 million), Sweden (9 million), or in
Ireland (4 million) will become a minority community with a non official
language that will need to be protected and that will contribute to changing the
history and the linguistic profile of these nations. And this will not be our
fault. Our languages are being murdered, to the indifference of all. Guarani is
being murdered to the indifference of all, and the most basic human and
linguistic rights of its speakers, who make up the majority of Paraguay, are
being infringed upon. If nothing is done to change this, we soon too will
contribute, much to our regret, to the murdering of other languages. We are
sorry, but we are innocent.
What
is it that we request?
A
public condemnation of the “linguistic apartheid” in Paraguay on behalf of the
European Union.
Political,
economic and technical cooperation of the European Union to end the “linguistic
apartheid” of Guarani in Paraguay.
And
we demand actions now, not only words.
Signed,
Jekupytyrâ
Teachers Movement [for Solidarity]
Paraguayan
Farmers Movement – MCP
Farm
Producers Coordinator of San Pedro Norte – CPA SPN
"Convergencia
Popular" Socialist Party
Yvy
Marâe’ÿ Foundation
Guaraní
Language and Culture Athenaeum
National
Organisation of Independent Aborigenes – ONAI
National
Coordinator for the Organisation of Rural and Indigenous Working Women –
CONAMURI
Organisation
for Multilingualism
Kuruvíka
Group
Karaku
– European Observatory of the
Guaraní Language
Paraguay–Asunción,
19
November 2006
___________________________________________________
FR La
condamnation publique de la part de l’Union européenne de “apartheid
linguistique” paraguayen.
A
l’attention de M. Ján Figel’
Commissaire
pour l’Éducation, la Formation, la Culture et le Multilinguisme, Commission
européenne
A
tous les membres du Parlement européen
A
l’attention de M. Moritz Leuenberger
A
la Présidence de la Confédération helvétique
webmaster@admin.ch, moritz.leuenberger@admin.ch
Nous
demandons que l’Union européenne contribue de façon active, surtout par le biais
d’une coopération technique et économique mais également à travers la
réalisation d’inspections internationales, à mettre fin au processus implicite
“d’apartheid linguistique” (1811–2006) qui est pratiqué à l’encontre du guarani
au Paraguay.
En
tant que citoyens du Paraguay, nous faisons appel publiquement à l’Union
européenne, aux États membres, aux États candidats et à toutes les communautés
linguistiques et aux citoyens de l’Union européenne et de la Suisse (en raison
de sa longue tradition de pays constitutionnellement et effectivement
multilingue), pour qu’ils contribuent à mettre fin à l’immoral régime implicite
“d’apartheid linguistique” qui est en vigueur au Paraguay depuis 1811 et qui a
discriminé des millions de Paraguayens de langue guarani pendant deux siècles en
leur empêchant d’accéder à l’éducation, à la formation et à l’information en
guarani et, par conséquent, d’avoir une participation réelle et active dans la
vie sociale, culturelle, économique et politique.
Quelle
est, brièvement, la situation du guarani ?
C’est
la langue originelle, autochtone et majoritaire du
Paraguay.
Selon
le Recensement national de la population et des logements du Paraguay pour 2002,
59 pour cent des ménages paraguayens sont de langue guarani.
On
estime entre 6 et 12 millions le nombre de personnes qui parlent le guarani au
Paraguay, en Bolivie, en Argentine et au Brésil.
La
coofficialité du guarani dans tout le pays a été déclarée en 1992, pour la
première fois dans toute l’histoire du Paraguay indépendant (1811), même si
cette déclaration n’a pas eu le moindre effet à ce jour (2006). Les carences les
plus terribles et les plus visibles de l’inapplication de la coofficialité
sont les suivantes: l’administration de l’État – dans toutes ses
ramifications – ne fonctionne pas en guarani ; les lois ne sont pas et
n’ont jamais été publiées en guarani; les produits commerciaux ne sont pas
commercialisés avec des instructions en guarani; il n’existe aucune régulation
des quotas d’utilisation du guarani par les moyens de communication publics et
privés ; l’image et la symbologie nationale du Paraguay n’intègrent pas le
guarani ; le guarani n’est ni langue officielle ni de travail des
différentes institutions et organisations du Mercosur et d’autres organisations
dont fait partie le Paraguay, etc.
Il
n’y a pas d’éducation en guarani. L’éducation en guarani fut introduite en 1994,
à titre expérimental, dans 118 écoles sur près de 6 000 écoles recensées
cette année–là au Paraguay. En 1997, 400 écoles offraient la modalité
d’enseignement en guarani. En 2006, seules 10 écoles continuent à enseigner en
guarani après que le gouvernement paraguayen a cessé de soutenir de façon active
et résolue cette modalité. Cette politique de l’État, qui nuit à la majorité de
la population, n’a provoqué aucune dénonciation internationale, malgré le fait
que les Paraguayens n’ont jamais reçu d’éducation en guarani, la langue
majoritaire du pays, durant ces deux cents ans.
Pourquoi
faisons–nous appel à l’Union européenne et à la Suisse
?
–
Parce que l’Union européenne (et la Suisse) est, et cherche à être, une
référence universelle dans la gestion du multilinguisme.
–
Parce qu’il existe au sein de l’Union européenne des États qui fonctionnent avec
deux ou davantage de langues : la Finlande, la Belgique, Malte, l’Irlande,
le Luxembourg, l’Espagne (en partie), l’Italie (en partie), le Royaume–Uni (en
partie), etc.
–
Parce que la protection des droits linguistiques, telle qu’elle est conçue et
pratiquée dans l’Union européenne et en Suisse, n’a atteint ni le Paraguay ni la
plupart des pays d’Amérique. Elle n’est appliquée qu’au Québec (et à l’ensemble
du Canada) et exclusivement pour protéger de façon très active une langue
européenne: le français. Aucun pays de l’Union européenne n’accepterait d’être
gouverné dans la langue “coloniale” et de la minorité, et ne consentirait que la
langue autochtone de la majorité de la population ne puisse pas être utilisée de
façon normale et intégrale dans des domaines aussi fondamentaux que
l’administration publique et la justice.
–
Parce qu’en Amérique, quand il est question de multilinguisme, on ne mentionne
en général que les langues européennes (anglais, français, espagnol, portugais,
néerlandais), qui ont opprimé, assassiné ou marginalisé les langues américaines
et les relations entre celles–ci. Il est éloquent qu’aucune langue américaine ne
soit, en 2006, une langue normale d’État en Amérique. Aucun autre continent du
monde ne se trouve dans cette situation. La justice dans le monde, si l’on ne
veut pas accentuer les ressentiments existant entre les différentes communautés
humaines, passe également par l’étatisation en Amérique des langues américaines
qui comptent encore aujourd’hui des millions de locuteurs ou qui sont très
viables dans leur contexte et par la protection et la promotion des autres
langues.
–
Parce qu’il est probable, aujourd’hui, que les langues officielles de l’Union
européenne et de la Suisse (mais également les langues qui ne sont pas
officielles) ne se sentent ni menacées par d’autres langues ni en danger
d’extinction. Mais si l’on impose en Amérique quatre (ou cinq) langues, qui sont
toutes européennes – anglais, espagnol, portugais et français (et
néerlandais) – et si l’on n’arrête pas le processus de génocide linguistique et
culturel qui sévit en Amérique (à travers des pratiques aussi abominables,
inhumaines et injustes que « l’apartheid linguistique » paraguayen),
le jour où “nous” émigrerons, à un rythme beaucoup plus soutenu que le rythme
actuel, vers l’Union européenne et la Suisse – en gardant en mémoire l’absence
totale d’aide reçue lorsque nos langues étaient soumises au génocide –, nous
constituerons d’énormes concentrations de locuteurs anglais ou espagnols (ou
portugais) dans de nombreux pays. Et les Africains qui verront mourir leurs
langues sous le français, l’anglais, le portugais ou l’arabe, accroîtront les
concentrations d’habitants de ces langues. Huit cent mille personnes, aux
origines les plus diverses, parlant l’espagnol ou le portugais au Danemark (5,5
millions d’habitants) ou en Finlande (5,3 millions) ou en Suède (9 millions) ou
en Irlande (4 millions) constitueront une “minorité allophone” à protéger et
contribueront à changer l’histoire et le profil linguistique de ces pays. Ce ne
sera pas notre faute. Nos langues sont assassinées dans l’indifférence générale.
Le guarani est assassiné dans l’indifférence générale et on foule aux pieds les
droits de l’homme et les droits linguistiques les plus élémentaires de ses
locuteurs, la majorité des Paraguayens. Si rien ne change, nous contribuerons,
contre notre gré, à l’assassinat d’autres langues. Nous le regrettons mais nous
sommes innocents.
Que
demandons–nous ?
La
condamnation publique de la part de l’Union européenne de “l’apartheid
linguistique” paraguayen.
La
coopération effective sur le plan politique, économique et technique de l’Union
européenne pour mettre fin à “l’apartheid linguistique” paraguayen contre
le guarani.
Nous
le demandons maintenant. Et nous ne nous contenterons pas de bonnes
paroles.
Signé,
Mouvement
des éducateurs Jekupytyrâ [pour la Solidarité]
Mouvement
paysan paraguayen – MCP
Athénée
de la langue et de la culture guarani
Coordinatrice
des producteurs agricoles de San Pedro Norte – CPA
SPN
Parti
convergence populaire socialiste
Coordinatrice
nationale des organisations de femmes travailleuses rurales et indigènes –
CONAMURI
Fondation
Yvy Marâe’ÿ
Organisation
nationale des aborigènes indépendants – ONAI
Organisation
pour le Multilinguisme
Kuruvíka
Groupe
Karaku
· Observatoire Guarani Européen
Paraguay–Asunción,
le 19
novembre 2006
___________________________________________________
Herrn
Jan Figel’
Kommissar
der europäischen Gemeinschaft für Erziehung, Bildung, Kultur und
Mehrsprachigkeit Europäische Kommission
An
alle Mitglieder des Europäischen Parlaments
Herrn
Moritz Leuenberger
An
den Präsidenten der Schweizerischen
Eidgenossenschaft
webmaster@admin.ch, moritz.leuenberger@admin.ch
Wir
bitten hiermit die Europäische Gemeinschaft einen aktiven Beitrag zur Beendigung
der gegen das Guarani gerichteten “sprachlichen Apartheid” in Paraguay zu
leisten, insbesondere durch technische und wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit, aber
auch durch internationale Kontrollen.
Als
paraguayische Staatsbürger fordern wir die Europäische Gemeinschaft, ihre
Mitgliedsstaaten, die Beitrittsländer und alle Sprachgemeinschaften, sowie die
Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft (mit ihrer langen Tradition als mehrsprachiges
Land, in dem die verfassungsmäßigen Vorgaben effektiv umgesetzt werden)
öffentlich auf, zur Beendigung des unwürdigen Zustands der „sprachlichen
Apartheid“ beizutragen, der in Paraguay seit 1811 bis heute Millionen von Bürgen
mit Guarani als Muttersprache sozial benachteiligt. Guarani–Sprechern wird der
Zugang zu Erziehung, Ausbildung und Information in der eigenen Sprache verwehrt
oder erschwert, so dass ihnen eine wirksame und aktive Teilnahme am
gesellschaftlichen, kulturellen, wirtschaftlichen und politischen Leben nicht
möglich ist.
Kurzgefasster
Bericht über die Sprachsituation in Paraguay
Guarani
ist die ursprüngliche und bodenständige Sprache Paraguays, die von der Mehrheit
der Bevölkerung verwendet wird.
Laut
der Volkszählung von 2002 sind 59% aller Haushalte in Paraguay
guaranisprachig.
Schäzungen
zufolge gibt es zwischen 6 und 12 Mio. Guarani–Sprecher in Paraguay, Bolivien,
Argentinien und Brasilien.
1992
wurde erstmalig in der unabhängigen Geschichte des Landes (seit 1811) das
Guarani zur koofffiziellen Sprache
für das gesamte Staatsgebiet erklärt, ohne dass diese verfassungsmäßige
Erklärung bis heute (2006) eine effektive Umsetzung gefunden hätte. Die
auffälligsten und schwerwiegendsten Defizite bei der Umsetzung liegen im Bereich
der staatlichen Verwaltung (de facto ist Guarani nicht Amtssprache, Gesetze
wurden und werden nicht auf Guarani veröffentlicht), der Wirtschaft
(Handelserzeugnisse enthalten keine Deklarationen auf Guarani), der
Kommunikationsmedien (keine Regelung über die anteilsmäßige Verwendung des
Guarani in öffentlichen und privaten Medien) und Hoheitssymbole (Guarani ist
nicht repräsentiert). Des Weiteren ist Guarani nicht offizielle oder Arbeitssprache der verschiedenen
Einrichtungen und Organisationen des Mercosur oder anderer überstaatlicher
Organisationen, denen Paraguay angehört.
Ein
funktionierendes Erziehungswesen auf Guarani gibt es nicht. 1994 wurde
versuchsweise in 118 von 6000 paraguayischen Schulen guaranisprachiger
Unterricht eingeführt. 1997 gab es 400 Schulen, in denen Unterricht auf Guarani
erteilt wurde. Nachdem die paraguayische Regierung die aktive und eindeutige
Unterstützung dieser Unterrichtsform aufgegeben hat, gab es 2006 nur noch 10
Schulen mit Guarani als Unterrichtssprache. Diese Politik der Regierung, die die
Mehrheit der Bevölkerung diskriminiert, führte bisher nicht zu internationalen
Protesten, obwohl nun schon seit 200 Jahren das paraguayische Erziehungswesen
das Guarani, die Sprache der Bevölkerungsmehrheit,
ignoriert.
Weshalb
dieser Aufruf an die Europäische Gemeinschaft und die
Schweiz?
–
Die Europäische Gemeinschaft und die Schweiz gelten international als (und
wollen dies auch sein) Modelle mehrsprachiger
Gesellschaften.
–
In der EU gibt es mehrere Länder, in denen zwei oder mehr Sprachen offiziellen
Status haben: Finnland, Belgien, Malta, Irland, Luxemburg, Spanien (regional),
Italien (regional), Großbritannien (regional), etc.
–
Der Schutz und die Wahrung der sprachlichen Rechte der Bürger ist in der Form,
wie er in der EU und der Schweiz praktiziert wird, in Paraguay und vielen
anderen Ländern Amerikas nicht gewährleistet. Eine Ausnahme stellt Québec (und
Kanada insgesamt) dar, allerdings geht es hier lediglich um den Schutz einer
europäischen Sprache, nämlich des Französischen. Kein Land der Europäischen
Union würde es zulassen, dass die Regierung sich ausschließlich der
“Kolonialsprache” einer Minderheit bedienen und dass in so grundlegenden
Bereichen wie öffentlicher Verwaltung und Justiz die Mehrheitssprache der
Bevölkerung nicht normal und durchgängig verwendet werden
könnte.
–
Wenn in Amerika von Mehrsprachigkeit die Rede ist, bezieht sich dies
normalerweise ausschließlich auf die europäischen Sprachen (Englisch,
Französisch, Spanisch, Portugiesisch, Niederländisch), von denen die indigenen
amerikanischen Sprachen minorisiert, ausgelöscht oder marginalisiert wurden.
Auffällig ist, dass im Jahre 2006 keine einzige amerikanische Sprache in
irgendeinem amerikanischen Staat normal und offiziell verwendet wird. In keinem
anderen Kontinent ist dies der Fall. Es ist ein Gebot der Gerechtigkeit unter
den Völkern und Kulturen der Welt, auch in Amerika die Offizialität und
Verwendung der bodenständigen Sprachen zu ermöglichen, die auch heute noch
Millionen von Sprechern haben bzw. in ihrem jeweiligen Kontext als
Kommunikationsmittel sehr effektiv sind und auch einen Beitrag zum Schutz und
der Förderung der übrigen Sprachen leisten.
–
Für die Sprachen der EU–Länder und der Schweiz (und auch für die meisten nicht
offiziellen Sprachen) besteht heute wohl keine Bedrohung durch andere Sprachen
und und sie stehen nicht vor dem Aussterben. In Amerika jedoch dominieren vier
oder fünf Sprachen (Englisch, Französisch, Spanisch, Portugiesisch,
Niederländisch), und der Prozess des sprachlichen und kulturellen Genozids (der
so verwerfliche, ungerechte und unmenschliche Phänomene wie die “sprachliche
Apartheid” in Paraguay zeitigt) wird keineswegs aufgehalten, wenn “wir”
zukünftig in immer größerer Zahl in die EU und die Schweiz auswandern. Mit der
bitteren Erinnerung daran, dass niemand etwas gegen das Sprachensterben in
unseren Ländern unternommen hat, werden durch unseren Zuzug die Gruppen von
Englisch–, Spanisch oder Portugiesischsprechern in beachtlichem Maße anwachsen.
Die Afrikaner, deren eigene Sprachen dem Druck des Französischen, Englischen,
Portugiesischen und Arabischen nachgeben, werden diese Sprechergruppen weiter
zunehmen lassen. 800 000 Sprecher des Spanischen oder Portugiesischen
unterschiedlicher Herkunft in Dänemark (5,5 Mio Ew.), Finnland (5,3 Mio Ew.),
Schweden (9 Mio Ew.), oder Irland (4 Mio Ew.) werden eine zu schützende
anderssprachige Minderheit darstellen und Kultur, Geschichte und sprachliches
Profil dieser Länder verändern. Unsere Schuld wird dies nicht sein. Indifferent
schaut man zu, wie unsere Sprachen sterben. Teilnahmslos lässt man das Guarani
zugrunde gehen und nimmt hin, dass die grundlegenden Sprach– und Menschenrechte
seiner Sprecher – der Mehrheit der paraguayer – mit Füßen getreten werden. Wenn
nun nichts geschieht, tragen wir wider Willen dazu bei, dass auch andere
Sprachen zugrunde gehen. Wir bedauern dies und tragen doch keine Schuld
daran.
Was
fordern wir?
Die
öffentliche Verurteilung der “sprachlichen Apartheid” in Paraguay durch die
Europäische Gemeinschaft.
Eine
effektive politische, wirtschaftliche und technische Zusammenarbeit der EU mit
dem Ziel, die gegen das Guarani und seine Sprecher gerichtete “sprachliche
Apartheid” in Paraguay zu beenden.
Wir
erheben unsere Forderungen jetzt und hoffen nicht bloß mit Worten abgespeist zu
werden.
Hört
Europa, nur Sie Ihren Stimmen (Ihre Sprachen)
zu?
Unterzeichner,
Bund
der Erzieherinnen und Erzieher Jekupytyrã
Paraguayischer
Bauernbund – MPC
Athenäum
für Guarani–Sprache und –Kultur
Koordinationsstelle
für landwirtschaftliche Erzeugnisse San Pedro Norte– CPA
SPN
Sozialistische
Partei “Convergencia Popular”
Nationale
Koordinationsstelle bäuerlicher und indianischer Frauenverbände –
CONAMURI
Stiftung
“Land ohne Übel” – Yvy Marâe’ÿ
Nationaler
Verband unabhängiger Ureinwohner – ONAI
Organisation
für Mehrsprachigkeit
Kuruvíka
Gruppe
Karaku
· Europäisches Observatorium der Guaraní Sprache
Paraguay–Asunción,
19 November 2006
___________________________________________________
PT A
condenação pública por parte da União Européia do "apartheid lingüístico"
paraguaio.
Ao Sr. Ján Figel’
Comissário
de Educação, Formacão, Cultura e Multilingüismo, Comissão
Européia
A todos os membros do Parlamento Europeu
A Sr. Moritz Leuenberger
Para
a Presidência da Confederação Helvética
webmaster@admin.ch, moritz.leuenberger@admin.ch
Pedimos
que a União Européia contribua ativamente, sobretudo, mediante cooperação
técnica e econômica, e também com inspeções internacionais, com propósito de pôr
fim ao sistema implícito de "apartheid lingüístico" (1811–2006) não Paraguai contra o
guarani.
Como
cidadãos do Brasil,
pedimos de forma pública à União Européia, aos Estados membros, aos Estados
candidatos e à todas as comunidades lingüísticas e cidadãos da União Européia e
Suíça (por sua grande tradição de país constitucionalmente e efetivamente
multilingüe), que contribuam para pôr fim ao imoral regime implícito de
"apartheid lingüístico" vigente no Paraguai desde 1811 até hoje e que segregou
milhões de paraguaios da língua guarani durante dois séculos, impedindo-lhes o
acesso à educação, à formação e à informação na língua guarani e com isto
impedindo sua real e ativa participação social, cultural, econômica e política.
É
a primeira língua autóctone e majoritária do
Paraguai.
Dae
acordo com o Censo Nacional de População e Moradias do Paraguai, no ano em
2002, 59% de todos os lares
paraguaios falam a língua guarani.
Calcula-se
que entre 6 e 12 milhões de pessoas falam guarani no Paraguai, Bolívia,
Argentina e Brasil.
Em
1992 declarou-se, pela primeira vez em toda a história do Paraguai independente
(1811), a cooficialidade, em todo o país, do guarani, embora esta declaração não
tenha tido nenhum efeito real até hoje (2006). As carências mais terríveis e
visíveis da não aplicação da cooficialidade são: a Administração estatal — e
todos seus segmentos— não escrevem em guarani, as leis não se publicam e nunca
foram publicadas em guarani, os
produtos comerciais não são comercializados com instruções em guarani, não há
regulamentações sobre cotas de uso do guarani por parte dos meios de comunicação
públicos e privados, a imagem e a simbologia nacional de Paraguai não se
incorporam no guarani, o guarani não é língua oficial e nem de trabalho das
distintas instituições e organismos do Mercosul nem de outros organismos dos
quais tomam parte o Paraguai, etc.
Não
há educação em guarani. Em 1994 introduziu-se, de forma experimental, o ensino
do guarani em 118 escolas em quase 6.000 escolas que havia no Paraguai nesse
ano. Em 1997 havia 400 escolas com a modalidade de ensino em guarani. Em 2006
apenas 10 escolas continuam com o ensino em guarani, depois que o Governo
paraguaio deixou de apoiar ativa e claramente esta modalidade. Esta política
estatal, que prejudica a maioria da população, não provocou nenhuma denuncia
internacional, apesar de que, nunca em duzentos anos, tenha-se educado os
paraguaios em guarani, a língua majoritária do país.
–
Porque a União Européia (e Suíça) é, e quer ser, uma referência universal na
gestão do multilingüismo.
–
Porque a União Européia tem Estados que usam duas ou mais línguas: Finlândia,
Bélgica, Malta, Irlanda, Luxemburgo, Espanha de forma parcial, Itália de forma
parcial, o Reino Unido de forma parcial, etc.
–
Porque a proteção dos direitos lingüísticos, tal como se entendem e se praticam
na União Européia e Suíça, não chegaram ao Paraguai nem a muitos países da
América. Unicamente chegou ao Quebec (e Canadá em seu conjunto), e basicamente
apenas para proteger muito ativamente uma língua européia: o Francês. Em nenhum
país da União Européia consentir-se-ia que se governasse usando uma língua "colonial" e de minoria e
que em âmbitos tão básicos, como a Administração pública e a justiça, a língua
autóctone, da maioria da população, pudesse ser usada com normalidade e
plenitude.
–
Porque na América, quando se fala de multilingüismo, normalmente fala-se apenas
das línguas européias (inglês, francês, castelhano, português, neerlandês). As
línguas americanas foram diminuídas, assassinadas ou marginalizadas até nas
relações entre si. É eloqüente que nenhuma língua americana, em 2006, seja uma
língua normal de Estado na América. Nenhum outro continente do mundo encontra-se
em tal situação. A justiça no mundo, se não quiser criar mais ressentimento
entre as distintas comunidades humanas, também passa por estatizar, nas
Américas, as línguas americanas que ainda hoje contam com milhões de falantes ou
são muito viáveis em seu contexto e na proteção e promoção das demais línguas.
–
Porque talvez hoje as línguas oficiais da União Européia e Suíça (mas também as
que não são oficiais) não se sintam ameaçadas por outras línguas nem se sintam
em perigo de extinção. Mas se nas Américas impõem-se quatro (ou cinco) línguas,
todas européias: inglês, castelhano, português e Francês (e neerlandês), e o
processo de genocídio lingüístico e cultural da América (com práticas tão
abomináveis e desumanas e injustas como o "apartheid lingüístico" paraguaio) não se detêm,
quando "nós" emigramos, a um ritmo muito maior que o presente, para a União
Européia e Suíça –com a memória viva da nula ajuda recebida quando nossas
línguas eram assassinadas –, constituiremos enormes bolsas de falantes de inglês
ou castelhano (ou português) em muitos países. E os africanos que verão morrer
suas línguas sob o francês, o inglês, o português ou o árabe, aumentarão as
bolsas de falantes destas línguas. Oitocentos mil falantes de castelhano ou de
português, de qualquer origem, na Dinamarca (5,5 milhões de habitantes) ou na
Finlândia (5,3 milhões) ou na Suécia (9 milhões) ou na Irlanda (4 milhões) serão
uma "minoria alófona" a proteger e contribuirão para mudar a história e o perfil
lingüístico destes países. Não será culpa nossa. Assassinam-se, perante a
indiferença de todos, nossas línguas. Suprime-se, ante a indiferença de todos, o guarani e
desprezam-se os direitos humanos e lingüísticos mais básicos de seus falantes, a
maioria de paraguaios. Se nada mudar, contribuiremos, apesar de tudo, para
assassinar outras línguas. Sentiremos muito. Mas seremos inocentes.
A
condenação pública por parte da União Européia do "apartheid lingüístico"
paraguaio.
A
cooperação efetiva política, econômica e técnica da União Européia para acabar
com o "apartheid lingüístico" paraguaio contra o guarani
Isto
pedimos agora. E não queremos apenas palavras.
Assinado,
Movimiento
de Educadores Jekupytyrâ
Movimiento
Campesino Paraguayo
Coordinadora
de Productores Agrícolas de San Pedro Norte
Partido
Convergencia Popular Socialista
Fundación
Yvy Marâe’ÿ
Ateneo
de Lengua y Cultura Guaraní
Organización
Nacional de Aborígenes Independientes
Coordinadora
Nacional de Organizaciones de Mujeres Trabajadoras Rurales e Indígenas –
CONAMURI
Ñe’êeta
rekávo Aty – Organización por el Multilingüismo
Grupo
Kuruvíka
Karaku
· Observatorio Guaraní Europeo
Paraguay–Asunción,
19 de Novembro de 2006
___________________________________________________
WE
DEMAND THE END OF “LINGUISTIC APARTHEID” IN PARAGUAY! ENOUGH OF TWO HUNDRED
YEARS OF DISCRIMINATION!
FIRST
REMINDER
MONTH
1
One
month ago, the Paraguayan civil society requested the political class of
Paraguay (see below) to assume responsibilities and end the shameful and ignoble
system of “LINGUISTIC APARTHEID” that has predominated in Paraguay, in its state
administration, media, judicial system, education, culture, etc. in its 195
years of national independence (1811–2006). This domination has excluded all
those who speak Guaraní as their first language from their culture, education
and from fully participating in Paraguay’s social and political life, and this
is particularly so for those who only speak Guaraní. (According to the National
Population and Household Census 2002 of Paraguay, Guaraní is the language spoken
by 59% of all Paraguayan households!)
One
month after our petition, the political class of Paraguay has not yet explained
how they plan to dismantle the “linguistic apartheid” system that has existed in
Paraguay for the last two centuries. The international community also has failed
to make public the measures they will take or sanctions that will be imposed on
the state for two hundred years of severe violations of the most basic human
rights, the linguistic rights of the Guaraní–speaking
population.
We
demand answers!
And
we will continue to demand them!
The
truth and our longing for justice are on our side!
Mbo’ehára
Ñemongu’e Jekupytyrâ – Movimiento de Educadores
Jekupytyrâ
Okaraygua
Ñemongu’e Paraguáipe – Movimiento Campesino
Paraguayo
Coordinadora
de Productores Agrícolas de San Pedro Norte
Partido
Convergencia Popular Socialista
Fundación
Yvy Marâe’ÿ
Ateneo
de Lengua y Cultura Guaraní
Organización
Nacional de Aborígenes Independientes
Ñe’êeta
rekávo Aty – Organización por el Multilingüismo
Asunción,
31 August 2006
Open
letter (8). “Guaraní, an official language of Mercosur” Campaign. To the
political class of the Paraguayan nation. First reminder. Month
one.
ADDRESSEES
Excelentísimo
Señor Nicanor Duarte Frutos
Presidente
de la República del Paraguay
secretariadecomunicaciones@presidencia.gov.py
Excelentísimo
Señor Ing. Luis Alberto Castiglioni
Vicepresidente
de la República del Paraguay
*Honorable
Cámara de Diputados del Paraguay*
Diputado
Nacional Víctor Alcides Bogado González
Presidente
Diputado
Nacional Carlos Nelson Chávez Arguello
Vicepresidente
1º
Diputado
Nacional Lino M. Agüero Cantero
Vicepresidente
2º
Dip.
E. Zacarías Vera Cárdenas
Secretario
parlamentario
Dip.
Atilio Penayo Ortega
Secretario
parlamentario
Dip.
Mario Alberto Coronel Paredes
Secretario
parlamentario
*Honorable
Cámara de Senadores del Paraguay*
Senador
Enrique González Quintana
Presidente
Senador
Armando Vicente Espínola Wiezell
Vicepresidente
1º
Senadora
Ana María Juanita Mendoza de Acha
Vicepresidente
2º
Senador
Jorge Antonio Oviedo Matto
Secretario
parlamentario
Senador
Candido Carmelo Vera Bejarano
Secretario
parlamentario
Senador
Arsenio Ocampos Velázquez
Secretario
parlamentario
*Partidos
políticos de Paraguái*
ANR
(Asociación Nacional Republicana – Partido
Colorado)
PDC
(Partido Demócrata Cristiano)
PEN
(Partido Encuentro Nacional)
PLRA
(Partido Liberal Radical Auténtico)
PPQ
(Partido Patria Querida)
PPS
(Partido País Solidario)
PRF
(Partido Revolucionario Febrerista)
*Human
Rights Watch*
Estados
Unidos
New
York
Estados
Unidos
Washington,
D.C.
Reino
Unido
London
Bélgica
Bruselas
________________________________________________
To
the political class of the Paraguayan nation. “Guaraní, an official language of
Mercosur” Campaign.
We
demand the political class of Paraguay responsibilities for having discriminated
Guarani in Paraguay during the past two hundred
years.
I hope that what
guides the destiny of the Nation / will some day also contemplate the hardships
suffered under miserable orphanhood.
Mauricio
Cardoso Ocampo (1938), Chokokue
purahéi (Farmer’s song)
Belgium
became an independent country in 1830. The country functions in Dutch, French
and German.
Norway
became an independent country in 1905 and functions in Norwegian, with two
official variants, Bokmal and Nynorsk.
Finland
became an independent country in 1917 and operates in Finnish and
Swedish.
Iceland
became fully independent in 1944 and uses
Icelandic.
Malta
became independent in 1964 and operates in Maltese and
English.
Greenland
became an autonomous province of Denmark in 1979 and functions in Kalaallisut
(Greenlandic) and Danish.
Estonia
became an independent country in 1991 and functions in
Estonian.
Slovakia
became an independent country in 1993 and operates in
Slovak.
The
same goes for an infinite number of countries around the
world.
Paraguay
won its independence in 1811. In 195 years of independence, Paraguay has never
operated in the identifying, historic, sentimental, autochthonous, indigenous
language spoken by the majority of the population, the Guaraní language. Who
will answer for this bicentenary injustice, for the denial of dignity and the
rights of millions of Paraguayans, of generations of Paraguayans? An enormous
and crucial part of the blame, of the responsibility for this injustice lies
with the political class of Paraguay.
For
two hundred years the political class of Paraguay has refused to build an
authentic “national home” for the Guaraní language. There are hundreds of
“national homes” for other languages, but none for Guaraní. The elite class of
this country has refused to create a Paraguayan State that operates in Guaraní
and uses it in its administration, educational system, armed forces, media,
economics, culture and art, social and associative life... a country in which
everyone would also speak Spanish and other
languages.
During
these two hundred years in which Paraguay has been an independent country,
languages with the same, or even less number of speakers, with a similar or even
younger written tradition, have been linguistically and socially standardised
and are now the languages of small and large countries around the world. This is
the case for languages such as Finnish, Norwegian, Maltese, Estonian, Catalan,
Latvian, etc. Why was it denied, why does it continue to be denied to
Guaraní?
The
new Paraguayan State born in 1811 could have adopted the “national” tradition of
the Jesuit missions to “govern the country” in Guaraní –an experience that was
abruptly and brutally shattered in 1767, only 44 years before reaching
independence– and create a state in Guaraní and Spanish. It was not done. Never
in two hundred years has the political class of Paraguay explained the reasons
for these two centuries of disgrace, denial and
contempt.
Now
we have the moral obligation, at least to ourselves, and especially to all the
Paraguayans who preceded us and lived in a state built without their language,
our language, with regard to history and to all Paraguayans, to honestly and
even painfully ask ourselves, Why did the Paraguayan State not take into account
the Guaraní language when it was built? Why has it not been done in two hundred
years? What abominable prejudices or ignoble, selfish and antipatriotic
interests have allowed such an unjust and arbitrary act, such a
barbarity?
The
exclusion of the Guaraní language has been a cruel, inhumane, unjust, immoral,
unethical, unchristian way –in a country in which the majority of citizens are
Christian– of keeping most of the population in subdued poverty, with high rates
of illiteracy and suffering under the harshest and most atrocious exploitation..
It has been a way of excluding the majority of the population from political and
citizen participation, of preventing them from debating about the model of their
state. How has it been possible, in two hundred years, to legislate and issue
laws, to exchange public and private contracts in a language that, until
recently, the majority of the population did not understand? Is this not an
outright injustice? Is it not a legal insecurity to leave most of the population
completely defenceless? How could this happen? How can we let this happen? How
could we have done so much damage to our own
selves?
Paraguay
has legislated against the majority of its citizens. It has governed against the
majority of Paraguayans. Education was never offered to all of the population.
Never. Providing education to all of the country’s citizens meant and still
means the creation of one Nation for all, a more just Nation for all. If the
goal were to educate and reach all of the population, then all schooling and
teaching would have been done in our language, in Guaraní, in addition to
teaching other languages. As happens in all other normal states of the world.
The state of Paraguay would have based its foundations on Guaraní. Why was this
not done? Why does the Paraguayan media not ask itself day after day why this
was not done and why it is not done now?
In
two hundred years, millions of Paraguayans have been stripped of their
self–esteem. For the sole fact of speaking Guaraní and of being who they are.
Only because they speak a language that existed before any European language had
arrived. Their lives have been destroyed merely for speaking a language they did
not choose, since no one chooses the language they speak. They have been denied
the right to be first–class citizens in their own country because they speak a
language that is as or even more American, as or even more ancient than our most
cherished red earth. The atrocities and errors that have been committed are
deplorable and worthy of tears. We should weep with guilt. Weep for
days.
The
Guaraní language has been sullied and betrayed. Guaraní saved our Nation in the
two wars that almost bled us to death, the wars of 1865–1870 and 1932–1935. By
fighting in Guaraní, thousands of Paraguayans were willing to die to defend
their Nation and the freedom of all. A Nation that was built against them,
against their language, our language. Any normal country with even the slightest
feeling of national dignity, self–esteem and respect towards its citizens would
immediately have made official the language that helped save the Nation. But
this did not happen in Paraguay. It did not happen! It simply did not happen!
Even worse, the language and its people were persecuted, denigrated, humiliated.
Guaraní was in no way elevated to the level of a state language; the language of
a state for which thousands died fighting. This is tantamount to indignity. The
language was relegated to the level of folklore and was denied dignity and
power!
We
want to build the future!
We
will not forget –nor do we want to forget– our linguistic history. But we do
want to build our future. A future for Paraguay, a future for Guaraní. A future
filled with justice. But in order to build this future we need a national
catharsis, we need our own linguistic truth and justice commission, to fight our
own battle, to understand and close the wound we bear for all that has been done
against the Guaraní language and all other Paraguayan languages in the past two
hundred years.
We
want the political class of Paraguay to explain itself. Why have these deeds
been perpetrated? Why has what has happened to us as a Nation been tolerated? We
want explanations so as not to repeat the errors of the
past.
Once
we have been given these explanations, we will look towards the future with the
need to know, What are we going to do to make Guaraní a fully official language
of the Paraguayan State, of Mercosur and of our part of
America?
We
ask the political parties for specific
compromises:
1. Not to nominate candidates to
election or as trusted members of government those who cannot prove having a
perfect oral and written command of both Guaraní and
Spanish.
2. To use Guaraní orally and written
in all publications, posters, stickers, placards, webs, speeches, slogans,
etc.
3. To immediately publish their
linguistic policy program for Paraguay and state their goals for Guaraní
–indigenous, national and official language– for Spanish –official language– for
the rest of the Paraguayan languages and for the languages of immigrants. As
well as the terms in which these goals will be
achieved.
4. To make public the names of those
responsible for the linguistic policies of each party who, in turn, should
explain what they will do to carry through their program and the standards by
which they will evaluate the activities carried out by the Paraguayan government
in terms of linguistic policies.
Within
this context, we demand that the political parties answer the following
questions:
1. When will Guaraní be an officially
regulated language?
2. When will Paraguay pass a
linguistic policy law?
3. What will be done for office
automation and the use of the most universal programs in
Guaraní?
4. When will all laws and other
state, departamental and local legal provisions be published in Guaraní and in
Spanish?
5. When will it be mandatory –with
all means provided– for all Paraguayan schoolchildren to have a spoken and
written command of Guaraní, Spanish and a third language by the time they finish
their studies?
6. When will the Paraguayan
administration work, at all levels, in Guaraní and Spanish? When will civil
servants –old and new– speak and write in both languages? When will a national
training plan be introduced to prepare present civil servants to be able to
carry out their duties in both Guaraní and Spanish?
7. When will all national symbology
(name of the state, national emblem, flag, names of the institutions, national
hymn, stamps, passports, identity cards, names of the cities, streets and
geographical features) also be in Guaraní or be named in
Guaraní?
8. When will all public and private
media in Paraguay guarantee at least 50% of its offer in
Guaraní?
9. When will it be mandatory for all
Paraguayan firms to offer all of their products (including labelling) and
services at least in Guaraní and in Spanish, and guarantee that their clients
will be attended in the language of their choice, in Guaraní or in
Spanish?
10. When will the obligation of
accrediting foreigners with sufficient oral and written knowledge of Guaraní and
Spanish before they can obtain the Paraguayan nationality be
regulated?
11. What steps will be taken to make
Guaraní fully official in Mercosur and in the Mercosur
Parliament?
12. What steps will be taken to turn
Guaraní into the fifth interamerican language alongside Spanish, English,
Portuguese and French?
13. What will be done to facilitate
knowledge, relations and cooperation amongst all of the Guaraní–speaking
American community?
14. What will be done for Paraguayans
abroad with regard to offering Guaraní language classes and classes “in
Guaraní”?
Tired
of the frauds and deceits suffered by all Paraguayans and the Guaraní language
in the past two hundred years, we ask our friends around the world to help us
make this denunciation / petition known in order to alert the international
community, after almost two centuries, of the indignity and injustices that the
political class of our country has committed and continues to commit against our
language and the people who speak Guaraní, against the citizens of
Paraguay.
Paraguay–Asunción,
31 / July / 2006
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